![]() Aristotle does not use any single word or terminology to name the phenomenon it is used only much later, especially by John Locke. ![]() In the late 20th century, philosophers like Hamlyn, Rorty, and Wilkes have disagreed with Kahn, Hardie and Modrak as to whether Aristotle even had a concept of consciousness. John Locke, British Enlightenment philosopher from the 17th century The degree of consciousness is measured by standardized behavior observation scales such as the Glasgow Coma Scale. Issues of practical concern include how the presence of consciousness can be assessed in severely ill, comatose, or anesthetized people, and how to treat conditions in which consciousness is impaired or disrupted. In medicine, consciousness is assessed by observing a patient's arousal and responsiveness, and can be seen as a continuum of states ranging from full alertness and comprehension, through disorientation, delirium, loss of meaningful communication, and finally loss of movement in response to painful stimuli. The primary focus is on understanding what it means biologically and psychologically for information to be present in consciousness-that is, on determining the neural and psychological correlates of consciousness. These questions remain central to both continental and analytic philosophy, in phenomenology and the philosophy of mind, respectively.Ĭonsciousness has also become a significant topic of interdisciplinary research in cognitive science, involving fields such as psychology, linguistics, anthropology, neuropsychology and neuroscience. Western philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and how it fits into a larger picture of the world. ![]() Įxamples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by " looking within" being a metaphorical " stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain. The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises a curiosity about whether the right questions are being asked. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness either continuously changing or not. Today, it often includes any kind of cognition, experience, feeling or perception. In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition. In some explanations, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of mind. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debates by philosophers, theologians, linguists, and scientists. Representation of consciousness from the seventeenth century by Robert Fludd, an English Paracelsian physicianĬonsciousness, at its simplest, is sentience and awareness of internal and external existence.
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